Puerto Rico is a tax jurisdiction separate from the United States. The Commonwealth has developed sophisticated legislation concerning income, property, excise and municipal license tax responsibilities. It is imperative for entities and individuals doing business on the island, whether domestic, or based in the United States or foreign countries, to take into consideration the interplay of local and federal tax laws. The Firm provides expert and practical advice on all matters relating to these areas, including tax planning, audits and litigation. In the tax planning area, attorneys in the department assist clients in determining the appropriate structure for a particular business in order to achieve the lowest overall tax cost and are available for the later review of that structure in light of statutory and regulatory changes. We represent clients before the Puerto Rico Treasury Department, obtaining rulings and negotiating closing agreements on their behalf, and assisting at all stages of a tax audit.